Pili ka Mahana i ka uila a me ka wela?

Uilaconductivityku ma ke ano hekumu hoʻohālikelikei ka physics, chemistry, a me ka ʻenekinia hou, e paʻa ana i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻano o nā kula,mai ka hana nui a hiki i ka microelectronics ultra-precise. ʻO kona koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi mai kona hoʻopili pololei ʻana i ka hana, ka pono, a me ka hilinaʻi o nā ʻōnaehana uila a me ka wela.

ʻO kēia hōʻike kikoʻī he alakaʻi piha i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilina paʻakikī ma waenaka hoʻoili uila (σ), ka hoʻoili wela(k), a me ka mahana (T). Eia kekahi, e ʻimi pono mākou i nā ʻano conductivity o nā papa mea like ʻole, mai nā conductors maʻamau a i nā semiconductor a me nā insulators kūikawā, e like me ke kālā, ke gula, ke keleawe, ka hao, nā hoʻonā, a me ka ʻōpala, ka mea e hoʻopili i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka ʻike theoretical a me nā noi ʻoihana honua maoli.

I ka pau ʻana o kēia heluhelu ʻana, e hoʻolako ʻia ʻoe me kahi ʻike paʻa, nuancedokapili o ka wela, ka hoʻoili ʻana, a me ka wela.

Papa maʻiʻo:

1. E pili ana ka wela i ka conductivity uila?

2. E pili ana anei ka wela i ka conductivity thermal?

3. Ka pilina ma waena o ka uila a me ka wela

4. Conductivity vs chloride: nā ʻokoʻa nui

I. E pili ana ka wela i ka conductivity uila?

ʻO ka nīnau, "E pili ana ka mahana i ka conductivity?" ua pane maopopo: Ae.He mana ko'iko'i, pili waiwai ka mahanahana ma luna o ka uila a me ka wela.Ma nā noi ʻenekinia koʻikoʻi mai ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka mana a hiki i ka hana sensor, ʻo ka pilina o ka mahana a me ka conductance e kuhikuhi i ka hana ʻāpana, nā palena kūpono, a me ka palekana o ka hana.

Pehea e pili ai ka wela i ka conductivity?

Hoʻololi ka mahana i ka conductivity ma ka hoʻololi ʻanapehea ka maalahinā mea lawe uku, e like me nā electrons a i ʻole nā ​​​​iona, a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana o ka wela ma o kahi mea. He ʻokoʻa ka hopena no kēlā me kēia ʻano mea. Eia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana.

1.Metala: emi iho ka conductivity me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana

Hana nā metala āpau ma o nā electron manuahi e kahe maʻalahi i nā mahana maʻamau. Ke hoʻomehana ʻia, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā ʻātoma o ka metala. Ke hana nei kēia mau haʻalulu e like me nā mea pale, hoʻopuehu i nā electrons a hoʻolohi i kā lākou kahe.

Ma ke ʻano kikoʻī, hāʻule mau ka conductivity uila a me ka wela ke piʻi ka mahana. Ma kahi kokoke i ka wela lumi, hā'ule pinepine ka conductivity~0.4% no ka piʻi ʻana o 1°C.He ʻokoʻa,ke piʻi ka 80 ° C,lilo nā metala25–30%o ko lakou conductivity kumu.

Hoʻolaha nui ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo i ka hana ʻenehana, no ka laʻana, nā wahi wela e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke palekana i kēia manawa i ka wili a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa wela i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha.

2. Ma Semiconductors: piʻi ka conductivity me ka mahana

Hoʻomaka nā semiconductors me nā electrons i hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia i ke ʻano o ka mea. I nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, liʻiliʻi ka mea hiki ke neʻe e lawe i kēia.Ke piʻi ka mahana, hāʻawi ka wela i nā electrons i lawa ka ikehu e hemo a kahe. ʻOi aku ka mahanahana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea lawe uku,hoʻonui nui i ka conductivity.

Ma nā ʻōlelo intuitive, ʻo ka cpiʻi nui ka onductivity, pālua pinepine i kēlā me kēia 10-15 ° C i nā pae maʻamau.Kōkua kēia i ka hana ʻana i ka mehana haʻahaʻa akā hiki ke hoʻopilikia inā wela loa (leakage nui), no ka laʻana, hāʻule paha ke kamepiula inā wela ka chip i kūkulu ʻia me ka semiconductor i kahi wela kiʻekiʻe.

3. I nā Electrolytes (Nā wai a i ʻole Gels i loko o nā Bateri): hoʻomaikaʻi ka conductivity me ka wela

Manaʻo kekahi poʻe pehea ka hopena o ka wela i ka solution conductivity uila, a eia kēia ʻāpana. Hoʻoholo nā electrolytes i nā ion e neʻe ana i loko o kahi hoʻonā, ʻoiai ʻo ke anuanu e mānoanoa a lohi ka wai, e hopena i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ion. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, emi ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai, no laila ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā ion a lawe maikaʻi i ka uku.

ʻO nā mea a pau, piʻi ka conductivity e 2-3% no ka 1 ° C i ka wā e loaʻa ai nā mea āpau. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana ma kahi o 40 ° C, hāʻule ka conductivity e ~ 30%.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kēia kumumanaʻo i ka honua maoli, e like me nā ʻōnaehana e like me nā pākaukau e hoʻopio wikiwiki i ka mehana, akā hiki ke pōʻino inā wela loa.

II. E pili ana ka wela i ka conductivity thermal?

ʻO ke ala wela, ke ana o ka maʻalahi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wela ma kahi mea, e emi mau ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wela i ka hapa nui o nā mea paʻa, ʻoiai ʻokoʻa ke ʻano ma muli o ke ʻano o ka mea a me ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka wela.

I nā metala, kahe nui ka wela ma o nā electron manuahi. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā ʻātoma, e hoʻopuehu i kēia mau electrons a hoʻopau i ko lākou ala, e hōʻemi ana i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka wela.

I loko o nā insulators crystalline, hele ka wela ma o nā haʻalulu atomika i kapa ʻia ʻo phonons. ʻO nā wela kiʻekiʻe ke kumu e hoʻoikaika ai kēia mau haʻalulu, e alakaʻi ana i ka hui pinepine ʻana ma waena o nā mana a me kahi hāʻule maopopo o ka conductivity thermal.

I loko o nā kinoea, akā naʻe, hiki ke kū'ē. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala a hui pinepine ʻia, e hoʻoneʻe i ka ikehu ma waena o nā hui ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi; no laila, piʻi ka thermal conductivity.

I loko o nā polymers a me nā wai, he mea maʻamau ka hoʻomaikaʻi iki ʻana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. ʻO nā kūlana mahana e hiki ai i nā kaulahao molekala ke neʻe me ka manuahi a hoʻemi i ka viscosity, e maʻalahi i ka wela ke hele i loko o ka mea.

III. Ka pilina ma waena o ka uila a me ka wela

Aia kahi pilina ma waena o ka conductivity thermal a me ka conductivity uila? Noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i kēia nīnau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kahi pilina paʻa ma waena o ka uila a me ka thermal conductivity, akā kūpono kēia pilina no kekahi mau ʻano mea, e like me nā metala.

1. Ka pilina ikaika ma waena o ka uila a me ka wela

No nā metala maʻemaʻe (e like me ke keleawe, ke kālā, a me ke gula), pili kekahi lula maʻalahi:Inā maikaʻi loa kekahi mea i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka uila, maikaʻi nō hoʻi ia i ka lawe ʻana i ka wela.Ke hele nei kēia kumumanaʻo ma muli o ke ʻano kaʻana like electron.

I nā metala, lawe mua ʻia ka uila a me ka wela e nā ʻāpana like: nā electrons manuahi. ʻO kēia ke kumu e alakaʻi ai ka conductivity uila kiʻekiʻe i ka conductivity thermal kiʻekiʻe i kekahi mau hihia.

No ka meakauilakahe,ke hoʻohana ʻia ka volta, neʻe kēia mau electrons manuahi i kahi ʻaoʻao, e lawe ana i ka uku uila.

Ke hiki maikawelakahe, He wela kekahi welau o ka metala a he anu kekahi, a o keia mau electrons like ole e holo wikiwiki i ka aina wela a ku'i i na electrons lohi, e hoololi koke i ka ikehu (wela) i ka aina anu.

ʻO ke ʻano o kēia kaʻana like ʻana inā he nui nā electrons mobile loa i kahi metala (e lilo ia i mea hoʻokele uila maikaʻi loa), hana pū kēlā mau electrons ma ke ʻano he "mea lawe wela," i wehewehe mua ʻia ekaWiedemann-FranzKānāwai.

2. Ka pilina nāwaliwali ma waena o ka uila a me ka wela

Hoʻonāwaliwali ka pilina ma waena o ka uila a me ka thermal conductivity i nā mea i lawe ʻia ai ka uku a me ka wela e nā ʻano hana like ʻole.

IV. Conductivity vs chloride: nā ʻokoʻa nui

ʻOiai he mau ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ka conductivity uila a me ka chlorideka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai, ana lākou i nā waiwai ʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka hoʻokō

ʻO ka conductivity kahi ana o ka hiki o ka hoʻonā ke hoʻouna i ke au uila. It ana i kaka huina nui o na ion dissolvedi loko o ka wai, e pili ana i nā ion i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia (cations) a me nā ion i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia (anions).

ʻO nā ʻona āpau, e like me ka chloride (Cl^-), sodium (Na⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), bicarbonate, a me ka sulfate, e kokua i ka huina conductivity manaia ma microSiemens ma ke kenimika (µS/cm) a i ole milliSiemens ma ke kenimika (mS/cm).

ʻO ka conductivity kahi hōʻailona wikiwiki a maʻamauoHuinaPaʻa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia(TDS) a me ka maʻemaʻe wai a i ʻole ka paʻakai holoʻokoʻa.

 ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Chloride (Cl^-)

He ana kiko'ī o ka anion chloride wale nō i loko o ka hoʻonā.He ana i kaka nuipaʻa o nā ion chloride wale nō(Cl^-) i kēia manawa, loaʻa pinepine mai nā paʻakai e like me ka sodium chloride (NaCl) a i ʻole calcium chloride (CaCl).₂).

Hana ʻia kēia ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kikoʻī e like me ka titration (eg, Argentometric method) a i ʻole ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)i nā milligrams no ka lita (mg/L) a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana o ka miliona (ppm).

He mea koʻikoʻi nā pae chloride no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hiki ke ʻino i nā ʻōnaehana ʻoihana (e like me nā boilers a i ʻole nā ​​hale hoʻoluʻu) a no ka nānā ʻana i ka komo ʻana o ka paʻakai i nā lako wai inu.

I ka pōkole, hāʻawi ka chloride i ka conductivity, akā ʻaʻole kikoʻī ka conductivity i ka chloride.Inā piʻi ka chloride concentration, e piʻi aʻe ka huina conductivity.Eia nō naʻe, inā piʻi ka nui o ka conductivity, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i ka chloride, sulfate, sodium, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o nā iona ʻē aʻe.

No laila, lilo ka conductivity ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa pono (e laʻa, inā haʻahaʻa ka conductivity, haʻahaʻa paha ka chloride), akā no ka nānā pono ʻana i ka chloride no ka corrosion a i ʻole ke kumu hoʻoponopono, pono e hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻāʻo kemika.