ʻO ka wai kīpē e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka wai maka e like me ka wai kahawai a me ka wai loko i ka wai no ka hana ʻana a me ka noho ʻana e like me nā kūlana aupuni ma o nā kaʻina like ʻole e like me ka hui ʻana, ka hopena, ka ua, ka kānana a me ka disinfection.Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o nā kūlana ola, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā kānaka no ka maikaʻi o ka wai.Pono kēia i ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o ka mea kanu wai i ka ʻenehana mālama wai, a loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano mākaʻikaʻi kūpono no ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, i mea e hoʻolako ai nā kānaka i ka wai piʻi maikaʻi.
Aia nā kumu wai ʻokoʻa, e like me ka wai o ka muliwai, ka wai waihona, ka wai loko, ka wai puna a me ka wai lepo.ʻAʻole mālama ʻia kēlā wai maka a maikaʻi ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka wai.Loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano mea paʻa paʻa, colloids a me nā metala kaumaha like ʻole e hōʻino i ke kino o ke kanaka.ʻO nā iona, e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai acid-base like ʻole.electromagnetic flowmeter, me nā ʻano electrodes a me nā koho liner, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ke ana ʻana i ke kahe wai maka o ka maikaʻi o ka wai i nā kūlana hana.Me nāʻano likeʻole o ka hoʻopukaʻana, hiki iā ia ke kamaʻilio maʻalahi me ka PLC hope-hope, DCS, a me nā mea'ē aʻe.